Monday, December 30, 2019

Social Networking On The World Wide Web Essay - 1420 Words

with entities similar to them, so that leads us to understand what is socialization. It is whyan online dictionary defines it as well as to â€Å"make fit for life in companionship with other†. Now with others in their natural act to stay instinctively together the human beings have founded, created, deployed, or developed and completed successfully so many activities and projects that on the twentieth century the â€Å" early social networking on the world wide web began in the form of generalized online communities such as Theglobe.com(1995), Geocities(1994) and Tripod.com(1995)†(web). Nowadays with the technologies progress social networking services count myriads of websites for various topics of purpose connection from where Facebook actually appears to be the leader of them we meet all over the world with a surprise observation how attached are the crowd to this giant of the social network. Therefore, our preoccupation will be to determine if Facebook with its ra pid growth and attractive character is not going to ban finally human beings social and natural attitudes precisely by considerably reducing our outgoing and social instincts. In the periods before the century twenty most human beings activities were related social. It was just a question in our daily trends to stay in touch in the real term of the meaning. Human beings found so easy, current and normal to naturally interact with their similar by going close to them, and so physically. For example it was so current inShow MoreRelatedDefining Social Networking Sites On The World Wide Web2133 Words   |  9 PagesDefining Social Networking Sites Online networking can t be comprehended without first characterizing Web 2.0: a term that portrays another path in which end clients utilize the World Wide Web, a spot where substance is constantly adjusted by all administrators in a sharing and community way (Kaplan and Haenlein 2010). It has much more to do with what individuals are doing with the innovation than the innovation itself, for rather than just recovering data, clients are currently making and devouringRead MoreSocial Networking : Harmful Or Helpful1405 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Networking: Harmful or Helpful Introduction When you think of social networking what comes to mind? YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Snapchat. They have similarities in that they make it easy to reach many individuals easily and quickly. Social networking sites and applications have given rise due to the popularity of the internet and the advancement in technology. There are many impacts on society due to social networking. Social networks can have a positive or negativeRead MoreTaking a Look at Web Communication734 Words   |  3 Pages1. What is the Internet? Internet is a global network topology, which connected network computers using the standard Internet Protocol Suite to users all around the world. The structures of networks are for the constructing and examining networking machineries (Calvert, Tech, Doar, Nerion Zegura, 1997). Internet is being accessed through the protocol suite. The Internet provides an extensive range of information, sources and services to the users, which allows greater flexibility in workingRead MoreWeb 2.0 : The Second Generation Of World Wide Web1119 Words   |  5 Pages1. Provide a definition of the term Web 2.0 Web 2.0 is often referred to as the second generation of World Wide Web. â€Å"Web 2.0 basically refers to the transition from static HTML Web pages to a more dynamic Web that is more organized and is based on serving Web applications to users.† (Beal,2013). This technology is used on various sites such as eBay, Gmail and Facebook. Web 2.0 makes sharing and collaborating user generated content easier through the incorporation of Adobe Flash, Microsoft SilverlightRead MoreThe Impact Of Web 2.0 Technology On An Global Market Place1634 Words   |  7 PagesINB20009/ MKT20011 Managing the Global Market Place Essay - The Impact of Web 2.0 Technology on an international firm’s approach to Managing the Global Market Place The global marketplace consists of business transactions amongst all nations around the world that are not restricted by geographic locations. This worldwide scale of sales, purchase and exchange of goods and services unsurprisingly makes it much more difficult to manage, as opposed to a smaller, domestic business. It is importantRead MoreForms and Classification of Online Business1729 Words   |  7 Pagesbrainstorming and finding out the main goals, determining the genre of the website is the next step. This will determine the pros and cons of the website. There are four genres of websites which are the sales or retailing, marketing, information and a web-based application. Poo (2008) describes that retailing or sales website it focuses much on a lot of pictures, sporadic text on product descriptions and these sites are very user friendly and easy to navigate. However, one disadvantage of retail websitesRead MoreThe History Of The World Wide Web879 Words   |  4 PagesThe history of the World Wide Web was created on August 6th, 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee. (Bryant, 2012). Due to the creation of the World Wide Web, many things have changed. Websites have made everything either easier or more complicated. But, we will talk about the easier this world has gotten. Some websites that have made life easier are Facebook, Strayer University, Amazon, EBay, Google, Gmail, Yahoo, PayPal, Walmart, Schwan’s, Myspace, Pogo, Trip Advisor, and Home Chef. These are just to name aRead MoreSocial Media And Social Networking1431 Words   |  6 Pages105 Analysis 3 11-28-16 The meaning of social media is the utilization of electronic and portable advances to transform correspondence into an intuitive discourse. Social networking, then again, is a social structure with individuals who are joined by a typical intrigue. Obviously, now, the meaning of social media appears like a misrepresentation. In the most recent quite a while, innovation has brought us extremely distant from where we began and social media nearly appears as though it is a totallyRead MoreComputers And The World Wide Web Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagesone thing that will continue to remain the same in all computers and continue to serve the same purpose is the World Wide Web, more commonly referred to as the Web or the web. Similar to the development of computers, the World Wide Web was not created overnight, but took time, effort, and brainpower to invent. We can credit this fascinating invention that connects everyone in the world to British physicist and computer scientist Sir Tim Be rners-Lee. Sir Tim Berners-Lee was born on June 8, 1955 inRead MoreOnline Informal Communication Is Not Another Thought Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract All through the world. Regardless, online informal communication is not another thought - it has been progressing since the start of human collaboration. Of late, internet organizing has influenced various parts of human correspondence, in like manner influencing business. Long range interpersonal correspondence has ended up being each day sharpens in a couple of customers lives. In this article, the essayists portray highlights and the progression of online interpersonal interaction,

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Analysis Of The Book Beloved - 4041 Words

Neoshua Butler Senior Seminar Nov.7, 2015 Kee Trapped in the Disillusionment called Beloved The story of Beloved is a fragmented telling of many ex-slaves’ lost history. The story was set during the Reconstruction era and gave voice to individual slave stories demonstrating how culture and philosophy are developed. Throughout the novel and the film adaptation, the influence memory has on identity is demonstrated not only amongst the main characters but also the community. According to Jan Assman, collective memory is broken into two major components: communicative memory and cultural memory. Collective memory is defined as shared knowledge and information through the memories of two or more members of a particular social group. Communicative memory demonstrates its self in the present and exist only in the current time it has no foreground and is on an individual’s personal experience. Whereas cultural memory is a combined reflection of each person’s communicative memory which forms a beliefs, values, and tradition. An example of collective memory would be slavery, although many specific accounts that the individuals who experienced slavery and their stories are lost (communicative memory) the impact and tragedy that occurred during that time has but written in history and formed American tradition (Cultural memory)(Brown). Cultural memory formulates traditions in the forms of holidays, literature and music, creating a history that has been expressed not only within theShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis Of Toni Morrisons Beloved926 Words   |  4 Pagesday? Beloved is a story written by Toni Morrison about the hardships that lead the protagonist, Sethe, to kill her own daughter, who would later come back from the grave. Sethe is a middle-aged, former slave who has experienced the cruelest, most unjust torment in her life – slavery. She escaped this barbaric life, but when the chance of being taken away comes back, she has to murder her own daughter to save her. Through close examination of the book, movie, and many other character analysis, it isRead MoreAnalysis of Beloved, by Tony Morrison Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pages Beloved is a novel written by Tony Morrison and is based on the American Civil War. The plot of the novel is based on the effects, consequences and the results of the Civil War. The author uses characters that would effectively bring out the Civil War theme in terms of social circles and occupations in the society. The novel is based on the characters regarded as slaves or have undergone capture, slavery and escaped from their masters (Haskins Haskins 13). The main character in the novel, SetheRead More Exploring Personal Choices in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesExploring Personal Choices in Toni Morrisons Beloved At the climax of her book Beloved, Toni Morrison uses strong imagery to examine the mind of a woman who is thinking of killing her own children. She writes, Because the truth was simple, not a long-drawn-out record of flowered shifts, tree cages, selfishness, ankle ropes and wells. Simple: she was squatting in the garden and when she saw them coming and recognized schoolteachers hat, she heard wings. Little hummingbirds stuck their needleRead MoreThe Believability of John Grisham’s Bleachers Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pagesnot a book is believable solely on the book’s classification as nonfiction or fiction. Others use New Critical analysis to determine whether a book is believable or not. The use of New Critical analysis requires the reader to consider events that happen throughout the book and any conflict that may have occurred. It also requires that the reader focus on the plot of the book and the characters. Grisham sets the book to take place in a small, football crazed town, known as Messina. The book is setRead MoreBeloved : A Reconstruction Of Our Past1705 Words   |  7 PagesKarla Ximena Leyte Professor John Crossley Short Close Reading Paper #2 November 20, 2015 Beloved: A reconstruction of our past Beloved by Toni Morrison is a reconstruction of history told by the African American perspective, a perspective that is often shadowed or absent in literature. Her novel presents a cruel demonstration of the horrors endured by slaves and the emotional and psychological effects it created for the African American community. It unmasks the realities of slavery, in whichRead MoreThe Raven And The Overwhelming Power And Sadness Of The Death Of A Loved One1165 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis This critical analysis essay is about Poet Edgar Allen Poe’s poem â€Å"The Raven† and the overwhelming power and sadness of the death of a loved one. There is such sorrow and even anticipation that the poem invokes in the reader. The poem can be quite dreary and full of gloom, but the author also makes it sound eerie but somehow beautiful and lyrical especially when reciting it orally. Poe was a remarkable writer and known as being a bit peculiar in person and in his writings. PoeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Isaiah Reveals Yahweh s Judgment And Salvation 777 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The book of Isaiah reveals Yahweh’s judgment and salvation. Yahweh is â€Å"holy, holy, holy† (Isa. 6:3), and consequently He can’t allow sin to go unpunished. Isaiah describes God’s looming judgment. All the while, understands that Yahweh is merciful and compassionate. The book goes back and forth between judgment and salvation. The prophet writes much of the book in the form of poetry and much of the content is eschatological and prophetic and this is demonstrated perfectly in IsaiahRead MoreAlienation within Beloved Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesAlienation within â€Å"Beloved† â€Å"Cultural trauma refers to a dramatic loss of identity and meaning, a tear in the social fabric, affecting a group of people that has achieved some degree of cohesion† (Day 2). This quote by Ron Eyerman in â€Å"Cultural Trauma† references a large theme within the novel â€Å"Beloved†; Alienation of the self with its own identity. As the cultural trauma of slavery took its toll on the populations of each and every state where it persisted, it culminated in the same outcome inRead MoreBeloved: Critique with New Historicism1749 Words   |  7 Pages Beloved is a Pulitzer Prize winning novel written by Toni Morrison and published in 1987. The story follows Sethe as she attempts to make peace with her present (for her, post Civil War America) and her past as a former slave and the atrocities she suffered at the hands of the benevolent Gardner family. Information given to the readers from different perspectives, multiple characters, and various time periods allows her audience to piece together the history of the family, their lives, asRead MoreWhen I Have Fears That I May Cease to Be, Summary of the Poem1540 Words   |  7 PagesThe central metaphor in the first quatrain is the comparison between writing poetry and harvesting grain. The speaker compares the pen with an implement of harvest(â€Å"glean’d my teeming brain†) and books with the buildings(â€Å"garners†) where grain is stored. The metaphor expresses the first of the speaker’s three main concerns: that death will cut short his poetic career. Just as a person’s natural life spans youth, adulthood, and old age, so the growing of grain follows the natural progression of the

Friday, December 13, 2019

Cause and Effect of Cancer Free Essays

string(31) " be paid to the global health\." Cause and effect of global cancer Cancer is a leading cause of death globally. Three-quarter of cancer deaths occur in developingcountries or the third world (WHO, 2010). If current knowledge were put into practice, at least one third of cancer cases could be prevented, another third could be detected early, treated and cured; and suffering could be alleviated through palliative care for patients with advanced cancers. We will write a custom essay sample on Cause and Effect of Cancer or any similar topic only for you Order Now (WHO, 2009) In low- and middle-income countries, cancer overwhelmingly affects the poor. This has huge implications for human suffering, health systems, health budgets and the drive to reduce poverty. There are around 30 million new cases of cancer per year in the world. (Eduardo Cazap , 2011) Attributed to changes in risk factors, such as lifestyle trends associated with economic development and threat of cancer caused by infectious diseases, as well as changes in diet, more and more crowded living conditions and an increase in tobacco use in developing countries. (WHO, 2010)A trend is beginning to emerge in some developing countries. There is less and less physical activity in our daily lives, at work and at home, as well getting from place to place. Cancer has become more and more serious in developing countries or the third world. There arenumerous factors lead to this situation, but there are four main causes: few specialists, equipment, chronic infections and lack of awareness. The first cause is not having enough resource people, such as oncologist, cancer specialists. There are 15 Africa countries do not have possess even a single radiation therapy machine, only 20%of patients survive cancer (Margaret Chan, 2010). The second factor is that we do not have the resources to buy equipment. Such as the lack of radiation therapy machines, without budget available ministries of health. The problem is most severe in sub Saharan Africa, where 80 percent of the continent’s one billion inhabitants live without proper access to basic radiotherapy and related cancer services. (Veronica Riemer, 2010) The third issue is that chronic infections are leading risk factors for cancer in low- and middle-income countries, such as hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Programme on Cancer Control has focused on the needs of developing countries or the third world. WHO-IAEA,2009) IAEA offers unparalleled expertise in radiation medicine, a vital component of cancer diagnosis and treatment. For an agency that received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005. Later that year, the IAEA established its Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT) to help expand radiotherapy capacity in developing countries or the third world and build partnerships to deal wit h the huge disparities that exist in cancer care services. After that, PACT, WHO and other key international cancer organizations have undertaken increasingly productive collaboration, working together to tackle the crisis on a broad, multidisciplinary front. The fourth cause is the lack of awareness about the seriousness of the cancer threat. World Cancer Day on 4 February of each year is to have an opportunity to launch key messages to people (WHO, 2010). WHO is taking significant measures to prevent cancer and other chronic diseases. A key achievement has been the entry into force this past year of the first-ever WHO global health treaty. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) is a major step towards the goal of reducing tobacco use, which is the leading preventable cause of cancer. To date, 121 countries have ratified the treaty (WHO, 2006). Despite significant advances in medical science over the last 100 years, cancer remains the main cause of death. In developed countries, a number of factors lead to cancer and different regions have different leading causes. The amount of lung cancer has occupied most of the field of cancer all over the world and increasing rates of mortality are also significant especially in the US and Russia. A number of factors lead to lung cancer and they can be divided into inside and outside factors. Inside factors are about bad lifestyle habits including frequently smoking and alcohol consumption and human internal factors which mean inheriting by families (Konobeevskaia, I. N, et al, 2002). However, occupational factor and air pollution can also lead to lung cancer. People are engaged in radioactive substance such as uranium and radium as well as their derivates such as asbestos and tar asphalt. These do badly harm to body health. Consequently, a growing number of people get lung cancer. In Russian, it has been reported by WHO (2000) that there are 150 000 deaths every year and only 15% survival rates. However, this digital data still does not work efficiently. There is increasing number of people frequently smoking. So, more advanced equipments should be provided by government and higher protection awareness should be developed among general public. The second is Australia that has the highest skin cancer incidence and mortality rates in the world. The reason for this is due in part to the high ambient UV radiation levels, combined with a predominantly susceptible fair-skinned population (WHO, 2010) Especially, Australia nears to the South Pole and ozone hole also enhances the risk. However, Australian are not like other countries people, they enjoy the life full of sunshine and do not have the concept of lessening the time of sunshine It has been reported by WHO (2000) that 1200 people died every year in Australia. The third one is there are less cancer in Japan. According to the data statistics, Japan has lower death rate of cancer compared with other developed countries. (WHO, 2000). This is owing to the advanced equipment provided by government, healthy living habits of people and the high protection awareness among the general public. Nowadays, cancer is considered a calamity in developed, industrialized countries, the situation has changed tremendously. Developing countries load over half of the cancer burden (i. e. , those with low- and medium-income economies). To some degree, Human beings ought to improve the awareness, know more professional knowledge about cancer to avoid the spread maximally. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the global health. You read "Cause and Effect of Cancer" in category "Papers" (i. e. , those with low- and medium-income economies) Nowadays, according to Global Health Council (2011), cancer is regarded as the heaviest burden in developing countries, because there are 7. million people die each year while 4. 8 million deaths happen in poor countries. This is caused by several factors. The first and the most important factor is poverty (International Network for Cancer Treatment and Research, 2011). For example, in some African countries, fewer than 15 percent of cervical and breast cancer patients survive for 5 years because of having no money to pay for the high health care. (G. H. C. 2011). Besides, lack of human resources to provide health care and lack of resources for managing cancer also makes the â€Å"burden† become heavier and more serious. I. N. C. T. R. (2011) points out that nearly 95% of the world cancer resources are in developed countries, however, only the rest 5% are being used in developing countries. Apart from these two main factors, I. N. C. T. R states that limited government funds for health care expenditure and lack of health care professionals trained in cancer care are the other reasons. Cancer has become the most significant health issue in developing countries, and developed countries, as a most important part of the global health issue, are willing to help developing countries in many ways. Global Health Council, 2010) A global call to action for cancer in developing countries is coming into being, which is led by international agencies, academic institutions, and non-governmental organizations. This action not only needs from the global health community, but also needs form the local governments to achieve an effective target. The agendum for this action includes increasing necessary access to drugs for treatments and palliation, expansion of coverage for prevention. To push forward this agendum, the Global Task Force on Expanded Access to Cancer Care and Control (GTF. CCC) in developing countries is convened by many famous organizations and institutions, such as the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Global Equity Initiative, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard School of Public Health. The GTF. CCC ‘target is to design cancer drugs which can be affordable by the world, especially developing countries, and develop innovative service that can analyze the expansion of cancer and cancer’s control in low and middle income countries. The GTF. CCC will work with existing initiatives and learn the experiences form pervious organizations which are designed to eliminate and prevent AIDS or other diseases. Furthermore, GTF. CCC calls on wide network of services to devote to the health care for women and children. GTF. CCC also attempts to focus on implementation of public policies to expand coverage of existing vaccines for cancer, as well as early detection and treatment of cancers. There is evidence shows that the future about the GTF. CCC’s work will be successful. It states that much can be done even the low and middle income countries do not equip with the most advanced equipment and technologies. Moreover, successful instances of programmes have been conducted in developing countries which are without specialized and professional services. For example, cervical cancer, this is a significant public health issue among women in South and Central America. Cytology-based screening programmes for cervical cancer have been successful in several countries such as Chile. In Chile, cervical cancer mortality rates were very high before the introduction of the programme. While a recent evaluation of the programme indicated that more than 80 percent of the women who are married have been screened at least once, and the mortality began to decline With such an awful condition in developing countries, cancer also leads to various kinds of effects developed countries, including economic effects and personal effects, which slows down pace of economic development and brings about a lot of family in trouble. On the one hand, cancer has an enormous financial impact in developed countries, for example, the high costs of cancer care and treatments. In United States, the expenses of cancer care have reached $124 billion in 2010, led by breast cancer. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) predicts that this cost will top $158 billion by 2020. Moreover, to personally, it is difficult to face the skyrocketing cost for a patient who required treated over a long term. Every family with a cancer patient wants to provided the ultramodern medicine which will cost more, and as insurance companies reduced much benefits, reimbursements on cancer care have also declined. (Debra Sherman, 2011). On the other hand, the influence about family inherit cannot be ignored. Research demonstrates that the primary cancer site was accurately identified in 83%, and the second and third degree relatives was exactly 67 and 60%. (Richard R. Love  at all, 1984) It is important to encourage clinicians to find more medical records about how a family history of cancer affects clinical management, which could help researchers invent more effective medicine and treatments to against cancer, especially about cancer inherit. Meanwhile, cancer also has significant influence on society, which pushes government to issue public policy. Because the life expectancy is low, especially in poor countries and the death rates from cancer is still really high (see figure 1), cancer has became more and more important issue nowadays, only the efforts of the society are not enough. Consequently, governments started to release more efficient policies and many public benefit activities are being conducted to help defeat cancer. On the one hand, governments are required to publish new laws, for instance, the EU is responsible for the legislation about how patients are been taken care by researchers to take part in clinical trials. Such legislation is drafted at the EU level and could be used by the governments of each member state. In addition, these laws are passed to make sure that scientific research are promoted and it is really good for cancer patients by a few organizations, such as CANCER RESEARCH UK. cancer research uk, 2011). On the other hand, they are trying to make more social influence. For example, smoking makes a huge burden in Europe, which results in 650,000 deaths each year in Europe. (European commission, 2004). As the leading reason of preventable deaths in Europe, smoking also makes 29% of all deaths in affluent countries. Therefore, a number ofcomprehensive smoke-free laws including indoor workplaces and public places have been carried out in more than a third of EU Member States so far. (Commissionof theEuropean communities, 2009). The Empire State Buildingwas lit up in blue and orange to memorize the World Cancer Day by the American Cancer Society and the UICC, such a method will establish a healthier society. Figure1: Population Measures and Cancer Incidence and Mortality, Estimates Between 2005-2010 Population, Years of Life Expectancy, and Cancer Incidence (C00-97 ex C44) and Mortality (C00-C97) for Regions of the World * All cancers excluding non-melanoma skin cancer. Kaposi sarcoma is included for sub-Saharan Africa countries only. Prepared by Cancer Research UK Original data sources: 1. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C and Parkin DM. GLOBOCAN 2008 v1. 2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 10. In: IARC, Lyon; 2010. 2. UN. World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. In: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division; 2009 According to the influence mentioned, treatments are being conducted in developed countries. According to the influence mentioned, treatments are being conducted in developed countries. Experts argue that over 25% of all cancer deaths are generated by unheslthy diets and obesity. Scientist have caculated that unhealthy diets cause from 10 to 30% of cancer mortality in ffluent countries. ( Doll, R. and R. Peto,2003) However, it is believed that cancer can be prevented by changing lifestyle, which means more healthy diet, reduce stress and from sedentary to exercise. In addition to this, a large study came to a conclusion about the connection between behaviours and healthy in 2008. These were: : not smoking; keeping active; moderating how much alcohol you drink; and eating five daily portions of fruit and vegetables. (Peto, J, 2003) Both developing and developed countries are affected by cancer deeply, effects between them are not very same. In poor areas, cancer could conduct more burden than affluent areas, especially influence about economic. Meanwhile, governments in different areas also have different policy about cancer. There is nothing to doubt that all the people and governments should combine to fight with cancer, whatever how hard it is. More financial andtechnologycooperation will be proceed worldwide, in order to solve these serious disease——cancer References: World Health Organization Media Centre Physical activity a key in preventing some cancers. [Online] Available from: http://www. who. int/mediacentre/multimedia/podcasts/2011/cancer_20110207/en/ Ngoma, T. , World Health Organization cancer priorities in developing countries. Ann Oncol, 2006. 17 Suppl 8: p. viii9-viii14. World Health Organization Media Centre Improving cancer control in developing countries. [Online] Available from:http://www. who. int/mediacentre/multimedia/podcasts/2010/cancer_20101019/en/ Setse, R. (n. d. ) Cancer in Developing World. Global Health Council. [Online] Available from: http://www. globalhealth. org/view_top. php3? id=1056 Global Health Council (2010) Expansion of cancer care and control in countries of low and middle income: a call to action [online] Available from lt; ttp://www. globalhealth. org/images/pdf/cancer_lancet_2010. pdfgt; [5 November 2011] Global Health Council (2010) Listening to GHC Members: Report on the Global Health Council’s Cancer Control Learning and Advocacy Initiative [online] Available from lt;http://www. globalhealth. org/conference_2010/presentations/rtt2_higman. pdfgt;[5 November 2011] Global Health Council (2 011) Poverty’s Cancer [online] Available from ;lt; http://www. globalhealth. org/news/article/13306;gt; [5 November 2011] International Network for Cancer Treatment and Research (2011) Cancer in Developing Countries [online] Available from lt;http://www. inctr. org/about-inctr/cancer-in-developing-countries/;gt; [10 November 2011] Cancer research UK (2011) http://info. cancerresearchuk. org/publicpolicy/workingwithgovernment/europe/ Debra Sherman CHICAGO (2011) Cancer costs put treatments out of reach for many http://www. reuters. com/article/2011/06/06/us-cancer-economics-idUSTRE7551YF20110606 Doll, R. and R. Peto, Epidemiology of Cancer. Oxford Textbook of Medicine, ed. D. Warrell, et al. 2003, Oxford: OUP. European Commission, Tobacco or Health in the European Union: Past, Present and Future, Luxembourg, 2004 Richard R. Love ,Alida M. Evans, Denise M. Josten (1984) The accuracy of patient reports of a family history of cancer[Online] Available from: http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/0021968185900748 Peto, J. , Cancer epidemiology in the last century and the next decade. . Nature, 2003. 411: p. 390-5. PubMed Richard R. Love, Alida M. Evans, Denise M. Josten. Journal of Chronic Diseases Volume 38, Issue 4, 1985, Pages 289-293 U. S. Food and Drug Administration, â€Å"Guidance to Industry and FDA Staff: General Questions and Answers on the Ban of Cigarettes that Contain Certain Characterizing Flavors (Edition 2)† December 23, 2009 Konobeevskaia,I. N. ;Zaridze,D. G. ;Kaepov,R. S. ;kiseleva,S. M. ;Men’T. Kh;Shain,A. A. ;Shikhman,S. M. ,2002,Smoking:the main cause of high mortality rate among Russian population, Medline/Pubmed,[online] Available from:http://www. shendusou. com/search? q=cview:0apXz06vRO;amp;l=all World Health Organization, Media centre,2010,Sunbeds,tanning and UV exposure, [online] Available from: http://www. who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs287/en/index. html World Health Organization,2000,[online] Available from:http://www. who. int/research/en/index. html How to cite Cause and Effect of Cancer, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Theology and Religious Studies Historic Christian Spirituality

Question: Discuss about theTheology and Religious Studies for Historic Christian Spirituality. Answer: Overview of Diversity and Richness of Historic Christian Spirituality Promoting spiritual practices among our church members is necessary. There are very many ways in which spiritual practices from different traditions of the historic Christian church can enrich us as believers in churches in the 21st century[1]. There is enough evidence that supports that spiritual practices promote the well-being of the church members. Most of the church congregation stay well and healthy for an extended period of time before they can complain of any mild illness as a result of the spiritual practices. The spiritual practices engage the church members and hence divert their attention to focus on some specific areas. Many of the old Christian traditions observed spiritual practices to promote empathy, attention, and compassion[2]. The spiritual practice of meditation would induce calm feelings among the members of the church. Past research has shown that meditation increases the density of grey matter of the brain. The effect of the increased density of the grey matter reduces a persons sensitivity to pain and promotes his or her immune system. It further regulates the persons emotions, and he or she is relieved of stress. Meditation has hence been recommended by doctors, particularly to people who are suffering from cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fibromyalgia, depression and anxiety among others[3]. The practice of prayer produces a relaxation response in the interested persons. One further develops the feelings of compassion, gratitude, and hope. All these feelings promote the well-being of a person. We have many forms of prayers. However, all of them promote the well-being of the church congregation[4]. All the prayers in the Christian religion are based on the belief of the existence of a superbeing by the name God who is powerful and can influence all the occurrences that take place in our lives. The belief in the ability of God promotes among people. They also develop a belief that they are likely to be supported wherever they are in difficulty. Yoga is another spiritual practice that promotes togetherness of Christians. The activity advocates for ethical behaviours breathe expansion and physical postures. Studies have shown that yoga reduces depression, inflammation, low blood pressure and stress. In general, it plays a very critical role in the development of the peoples well-being. Journaling practice is yet another spiritual activity that has been overlooked in the past. The practice enables an individual to be more informed. One would hence develop the feeling that he or she is well connected to the surrounding world. Writing of articles during the times of difficulty can enable one to find solutions to the challenges of life[5]. One would hence develop resilience against all the obstacles that he or she may be faced with after that. The practices are likely to enrich us a lot if all of us who believe in the church can embrace them. One Hour Sessions of a Weekend Spiritual Retreat Based around the Theme of Christmas Connect Group Spiritual Retreat The connecting group will be made up of youths between the ages of 12 years and 19 years. This group of people is mostly school boys and girls. They are active and like things that interest them. At the same time, they are people who like activities that promote competition amongst them[6]. This group of Christians will be divided into manageable groups of six people each. We intend to have a rented space for the subgroups to carry out their spiritual activities over the weekends. We would also like higher the services of one or two senior youths within the church who would guide the group members on the activities that they would be expected to carry out during the sessions[7]. In a single one-hour session, the connect group would carry out their activities as follows; Time allocation Activity 5Minutes Introduction: All the group members would introduce themselves to the rest. They would also tell the rest about what they like most about the group and what they have not liked. 10 Minutes Provision of guidelines: Senior youth members of the church would give a clear guidelines in regard to the activities of the connect group. For example, during one weekend, the youth members would be guided in performing a drama about the journey of the wise men during the birth of Jesus Christ. 15 Minutes Drama training and demonstration: During this period, The group members would train on the performance of the drama in their respective sub-groups 30 Minutes Presentation: The youth groups would present their dramas in the presence of other groups and the best group would be declared the winner. 5 Minutes Lessons learnt: The members of the connecting group would then connect with one another and discuss the lessons that Christians learn from the performance of the weekend. They would further look at how Christians can apply the lessons learnt from the journey of the wise men from the East in their day to day lives. The experience gained from the activity would enable the youths to develop the practice of appreciation. Christmas is a festive season when Christians remember the birth of Jesus Christ[8]. Borrowing from the incidence in which the wise men from the East travelled a long distance in their effort to present gold and incense to the born baby. They were guided by a star as they didnt know the direction. They Christian youths, therefore learn about the need to share during charismas festivals[9]. Home Session This group would be made up of senior men and women in the church. This group of people would meet in their adjacent homes because they would be unable to walk for longer distances. No cost would be incurred in hiring for them grounds because they would converge within the church members houses and homes. The elderly church members are rich in Christian teachings. However, they would still be guided by church elders[10]. Time duration Activity 5 Minutes Introduction: Group members introduce themselves 15 Minutes Songs: Group members sing songs of praise for the newly born Jesus Christ and the general Christmas festive songs 30 Minutes Christmas prayers: Members pray and give thanks to God. They would recall the events that took place during the birth of Jesus Christ 10 Minutes Sharing of problems and presentation of gifts: The church group members would use this time to share their problems with their colleagues. In this way, they would be able to get assistance and good advice on the best way to go about the problems that they are faced with. The spiritual practice would deepen the reflection of the members. People in a corporate setting would be encouraged to attend the sessions because they would be able to meet their corporate colleagues in the meetings. They would hence be encouraged by the togetherness that would be promoted in the group sessions[11]. The spiritual practice of prayers of the members would develop a self-belief among them that there exists an almighty God who is ready to listen to their problems at all times. The members would therefore become strong and always ready to encounter all the challenges in life[12]. Youth Leaders Session This group will be made up of all the youth leaders in the church. These are mature people whose ages range between 20 and 30 years. The youth leaders are mature and can give advice and direction to the rest of the youths in the church. As a result, it is important to constantly train the youth leaders on the best way of guiding the youths. At the same time, the youth leaders would use the opportunity to share the problems that they face in their day to day interaction with the people who they lead. A space would be rented for use by the leaders. The sessions location should be away from the rest of the youths. This is because, the discussions of the leaders should be kept confidence in the event that they go ahead and discuss some individual youths during the meetings. Specialized persons who are trained in youth matters would also be hired to further advise the leaders and train them too. In addition, the leaders would be able to share their experience with the youth leaders to give them moral support in their assigned duties. Time duration Activities 15 Minutes Introduction: Members would introduce themselves and share their experience over the previous week 10 Minutes A specialized resource person responds to the discussed experiences of the youth group leaders 25 Minutes Training of the leaders: An invited guest who specializes in the training of youth leaders takes the leaders through a training exercise on Christian values. The guest would also be able to share with the leaders what would be expected of the youths during a Christmas. Christmas is a festive season and many youths are likely to involve themselves in activities which are unacceptable by Christians. The youths would be guided on the best ways to distance themselves from vices such as drunkenness, immorality, smoking of cigarettes among others 10 Minutes Praise and worship songs: The session would be concluded through the singing of worship songs. Such songs develop a feeling of confidence among the youth leaders. They hence feel encouraged to soldier on with the responsibilities that are bestowed upon them Youth Ministry Group This group would consist of newly marred youths. This group of Christians has a common objective in life. Having just married, they will have moved into a new stage of life in which they are not used to. As a result, it would be necessary for them to belong to a spiritual group of their own where church counsellors can guide and teach them on family life. The other professional counsellor would also be invited to provide additional advice to them. The group member would occasionally be taken on a retreat away from their community. This would be done as a show of appreciation to them for the humble effort that they have made. The weekend retreats would also be done away from the rest of the unmarried youth so as to show them that they have moved into another stage of life. Time duration Activity 5 Minutes Welcome speech from the marriage counsellor 15 Minutes Counsellors take the youths through the circumstances that Mary and Joseph underwent went Jesus was about to be born 10 Minutes The youths meditate and share their marriage experience with the rest under the watch of a professional counsellor 25 Minutes The youths discuss the recommended family life that Christians should live. They should live the kind of life that Messiah was born to promote, a joyful life. 5 Minutes Singing of Christmas festival songs The spiritual practice would promote the reflection of the group members through words of encouragements that they would receive from the marriage counsellors. At the same time, they would develop a strong belief that they would be able to overcome all the challenges that come their way, borrowing from the Christian teachings of Christmas[13]. Bibliography Caroline Young (MPH.), Cyndie Koopsen. Spirituality, Health, and Healing. Jones Bartlett Learning, 2005. Cover, Front. Restoring the True Christmas Spirit. BibleTalk Books, 2005. David I. Smith, James K. A. Smith, Dorothy Bass. Teaching and Christian Practices: Reshaping Faith and Learning. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing,, 2011. Elizabeth A. Dreyer, Mark S. Burrows. Minding the Spirit: The Study of Christian Spirituality. JHU Press, 2005. Fuller, Robert C. Spiritual, but not Religious: Understanding Unchurched America. Oxford University Press, 2011. Gordon Geddes, Jane Griffiths. Christian Belief and Practice: The Roman Catholic Tradition. Heinemann, 2012. Mary Jo Meadow, Kevin Culligan, Daniel Chowning. Christian Insight Meditation: Following in the Footsteps of John of the Cross. Simon and Schuster, 2007. Ogunboye, Samuel. Spiritual Practices of the Christian Faith: A Guide for Spiritual Growth. iUniverse, 2007. Perrin, David B. Studying Christian Spirituality. Routledge,, 2007. Plante, Thomas G. Spiritual Practices in Psychotherapy. American Psychological Association, 2009. Rita M. Gross, Terry C. Muck. Christians Talk about Buddhist Meditation, Buddhists Talk About Christian Prayer. AC Black, 2003. Thorsen, Don. An Exploration of Christian Theology. 2007. . An Exploration of Christian Theology. Baker Books, 2007. . An Exploration of Christian Theology. Baker Books, 2007.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Descartes Overall Objective In The Meditations Is To Question Knowledg

Descartes overall objective in the Meditations is to question knowledge. To explore such issues as the existence of God and the separation of mind and body, it was important for him to distinguish what we can know as truth. He believed that reason as opposed to experience was the source for discovering what is of absolute certainty. The first meditation acts as a foundation for all those that follow. Here Descartes discerns between mere opinion and strict absolute certainty. To make this consideration he establishes that he must first attack those principles which supported everything I once believed. He first examines those beliefs that require our senses. He questions, whether our senses are true indicators of what they represent. By inspecting our sometimes firm belief in the reality of dreams, he comes to the conclusion that our senses are prone to error and thereby cannot reliably distinguish between certainty and falsity. To examine those ideas that have objective reality, Descartes makes the improbable hypothesis of an evil genius, as clever and deceitful as he is powerful, who has directed his entire effort to misleading me. By proposing this solution he is able to suspend his judgment and maintain that all his former beliefs are false. By using doubt as his tool, Descartes is now ready to build his foll owing proofs with certainty. In Meditation two, Descartes embarks on his journey of truth. Attempting to affirm the idea that God must exist as a fabricator for his ideas, he stumbles on his first validity: the notion that he exists. He ascertains that if he can both persuade himself of something, and likewise be deceived of something, then surely he must exist. This self validating statement is known as the Cogito Argument. Simply put it implies whatever thinks exists. Having established this, Descartes asks himself: What is this I which necessarily exists? Descartes now begins to explore his inner consciousness to find the essence of his being. He disputes that he is a rational animal for this idea is difficult to understand. He scrutinizes whether perhaps he is a body infused with a soul but this idea is dismissed since he cannot be certain of concepts that are of the material world. Eventually he focuses on the act of thinking and from this he posits: I am a thing that thinks A thing that doubts, understands , affirms, denies, wills, refuses, and that also imagines and senses. To prove that perception on the part of the mind is more real than that of the senses Descartes asks us to consider a piece of wax. Fresh from the comb the qualities we attribute to the wax are those derived from the senses. Melted, the qualities that we attribute to the wax are altered and can only be known to the intellect. Descartes demonstrates how the information from the senses gives us only the observable, it is the mind that allows us to understand. The results of the second meditation are considerable, doubt has both proven the certainty of Descartes existence and that his essence is the mind. Descartes having proven that God exists must now make some clarifications concerning why God is no deceiver. The main question that needs clarification is this: If God is no deceiver then why do we err? Descartes answers that we are prone to make mistakes because our wills are infinite but our intellect is not. The will gives us the faculties of assertion, denial and suspension of judgment. The intellect allows us to perceive things clearly and distinctly. Like God we have an infinite will, but we are imperfect because are understanding is finite. Descartes concludes that because we are free we are responsible for our errors. It is possible however, that if we use our faculties properly we will not assent false judgments. Confident that God has created us such that if we perceive things clearly and distinctly our reasoning will not be wrong; Descartes is now free to explore the possibilities of material things and the mind body relationship. In the fifth meditation the essence of material things is considered. Before he begins with material considerations however, Descartes feels it necessary to offer another proof for the existence of God. Since

Monday, November 25, 2019

Free Essays on IQ And Race

Race has always been a factor in discussing the results of standardized tests. Research proves that cultural and environmental factors, rather than genetic make-up, account for African American’s lower scores on intelligence quotient (IQ) tests. To better understand how race and IQ cause controversy in the United States, it is beneficial to trace the history of the influence of the IQ test in America. General intelligence and IQ tests have often been presented as having a racist element. Since slavery, it is assumed that African Americans were only capable of being slaves. This is illustrated in the terms that slaves were not permitted to receive formal education. They did not have educational resources or the opportunity to learn on the same level as other races. This racist act in history is a perfect example of the belief . 2 that intelligence, and the availability to become intelligent, were only for a certain group of people. Obviously, African Americans and minorities are not one of those groups. In the late 1800s, Sir Francis Galton, the cousin of Charles Darwin, came up with many conclusions, summaries, and racially based ideas. Galton states that the white race is the one and only superior race when it comes to intelligence. He also states that " intelligence was the most valuable human attribute, and that people who had a lot of it could be identified and put into leadership positions" (Lemann 115). Galton's thought’s have had an effect on the decisions of other voices in society, including the creators of IQ test. (Heredity 1). In 1905, a French psychologist by the name of Alfred Binet, created the first test of standardized human intelligence. Binet's intended to properly identify students who needed special educational assistance. He was not trying to correlate IQ scores with theories of intelligence or sort out the mentally gifted. (Green and Green 2). Little did he know that in the yea... Free Essays on IQ And Race Free Essays on IQ And Race Race has always been a factor in discussing the results of standardized tests. Research proves that cultural and environmental factors, rather than genetic make-up, account for African American’s lower scores on intelligence quotient (IQ) tests. To better understand how race and IQ cause controversy in the United States, it is beneficial to trace the history of the influence of the IQ test in America. General intelligence and IQ tests have often been presented as having a racist element. Since slavery, it is assumed that African Americans were only capable of being slaves. This is illustrated in the terms that slaves were not permitted to receive formal education. They did not have educational resources or the opportunity to learn on the same level as other races. This racist act in history is a perfect example of the belief . 2 that intelligence, and the availability to become intelligent, were only for a certain group of people. Obviously, African Americans and minorities are not one of those groups. In the late 1800s, Sir Francis Galton, the cousin of Charles Darwin, came up with many conclusions, summaries, and racially based ideas. Galton states that the white race is the one and only superior race when it comes to intelligence. He also states that " intelligence was the most valuable human attribute, and that people who had a lot of it could be identified and put into leadership positions" (Lemann 115). Galton's thought’s have had an effect on the decisions of other voices in society, including the creators of IQ test. (Heredity 1). In 1905, a French psychologist by the name of Alfred Binet, created the first test of standardized human intelligence. Binet's intended to properly identify students who needed special educational assistance. He was not trying to correlate IQ scores with theories of intelligence or sort out the mentally gifted. (Green and Green 2). Little did he know that in the yea...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Anthropology En Route Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Anthropology En Route - Essay Example Spaces like the university are therefore designed to accommodate the needs of the local population accordingly. The university appears to be a conglomerate of literally thousands of students from different cultures, religions and countries. I see students discussing things while they are walking through the corridors of the university. The expressions include a multitude of media through which communication takes effect. From the use of hand gestures and body language to the application of modern technologies like cell phones and internet – communication is an ongoing process during any interaction between students and their teachers. The university spaces are of special interest to me. It appears that the floor plan of the university is based on the concept of specialization and specialized areas dedicated to the expected activities that go on in institutions like this are indicative of the fact that much foreseeing has been going on when it was designed. Dedicated areas for teaching, meetings, presentations, dining, libraries, media library, play grounds and examination halls are all reflective of the diverse needs of humans to achieve the objective of education. A very important part of the university is its students. Keeping in view the federal nature of our university it is apparent why it attracts so many foreign students. For me the most interesting phenomenon is the mode of communication that exists between these foreign students. Whenever I see them talking, there is a lot that their body language and gestures express; as compared to their words. Though English is the medium to connect them; yet their level of expertise of the language alters the way they react and reciprocate to each other's messages. Details Of all the objects observed, two objects that appeal to me include; The communication between students who speak different languages; and University as a space of education and its operation Communication is a vital part of our day-to-day interactions. Generally considered to be divided into the verbal and non-verbal forms; there are a number of other attributes which do not follow the normal communicative patterns. Of my interest is the communication between students of different cultures and how they perceive each other's thoughts. It is quite often evident that whenever two student with different languages start to interact, the start often includes gestures which are indicative of greetings. Japanese students on our campus would bend forward during the start of communication, Chinese would shake their head a little while bending a bit, Asians would either shake hand like the Westerners or avoid shaking hands if those who are meeting are of opposite sexes etc. If they happen to be from different countries, the most prominent observation is that linguistic clues are replaced by hand gestures or body movements. The choice of words becomes a challenge to express the concept in its simplest form. It is very common tha t under such circumstances, both the parties start to speak simultaneously, expecting the other to listen or at least understand what is being explained by hand movements. The concept of directions is often expressed by

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Ethical issues in Financier by Theodore Dreiser Essay

Ethical issues in Financier by Theodore Dreiser - Essay Example He went to friends of his at the Century Company and proposed they commission Dreiser to write for the Century Magazine three articles on Europe which might eventually be expanded into book length, and at the same time he directed Dreiser to ask Harper's for an advance on The Financier. The result was that on November 18 Century sent Dreiser a check for a thousand dollars for three articles and the option on any book he might write about his trip, and Harper's, upon his depositing with them the first part of his manuscript, agreed to advance him two thousand dollars on The Financier and five hundred dollars against the earnings of Jennie Gerhardt. In addition Harper's prepared to reissue Sister Carrie. When Richards suggested to Dreiser that even the Nobel Prize was now within his grasp, Dreiser re gained his confidence and on November 22 sailed with Richards on the Mauretania, explaining to an interviewer before embarking that in his new novel "I'm doing the man as I see him. . . . And when I get through with him he'll stand there, unidealized and uncursed, for you . . . to take and judge according to your own lights and blindnesses and attitudes toward life." In this spirit he was seeking to observe the "color of life." (Markle 10) Yet, baseless as Dreiser's worries mig... He remembered all the writing that he wished to do, wrote Mencken asking whether he would read the manuscript of The Financier, and although Richards tried to persuade him to visit the Hardy country, decided early in April that he must take the first available ship back to America. This ship happened to be the Titanic, but since it was on its maiden voyage, Richards thought it might be uncomfortable and preferred to secure Dreiser passage on the Kroonland, which arrived in New York at the end of the month, when Dreiser began at once completing The Financier. Dreiser wanted to call his whole trilogy The Financier, and the first volume simply "Volume One," but Harper's insisted that was commercially inadvisable. Dreiser wanted to shorten his novel so that it would not run to 800 pages, but Harper's was giving him no time to make adequate cuts. Mencken, however, was abroad when Dreiser returned from Europe, and it was not until May 7 that Dreiser could write to him from New York: "Lord[,] I'm glad to know you[']r[e] back. . . . I wish I could talk to you. I have a whole raft of things to discuss not the least of which is the present plan of publishing this book in 3 volumes -- 1 volume every 6 months. . . . For heaven sake keep in touch with me by mail for I'm rather lonely & I have to work like the devil." Mencken did keep in touch, and while during the summer Jug returned in what was the final attempt to solve the problem of loneliness, Mencken encouraged him in his work, read galleys, suggested the excision of irrelevant details and the expansion of certain incidents, and assured him: "You have described and accounted for and interpreted Cowperwood almost perfectly.

Monday, November 18, 2019

Evaluating a Website for Credibility Guidelines with Scoring Rubric Assignment

Evaluating a Website for Credibility Guidelines with Scoring Rubric - Assignment Example The website is quite simple to access because it only requires individuals to type the name of the government website in order to access (GOV.UK, 2014). In order to gain full entry right to access the website, the websites only require that an individual only type gov.UK as the search engine when accessing the website. The website being owned by the government, it provides reliable information of health that the citizens can apply in the daily activities whenever they develop symptoms that persist for quite some time. In this regard, the website endow with information to its citizens regarding the public health, social care, National Health Service, and public and emergency. The government web address is provided as: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-health. In the same context, the link provides an easy path when an individual’s access the website. This website is under the UK government, and this plays the role of ensuring that information regarding health matters is well-handled (GOV.UK, 2014). In addition, the website offers information relating to the public health; giving tips on staying healthy and shielding them against threats to their health. In the same context, the website offers information regarding social care; a few individuals require extra care and support which the government provides the tips on how to handle such issues. It is made quite easy to get the information of national service; this is because it is the command requirement to deliver to the people better results. The government owes the citizens the duty to offer quality public safety and emergency, funding and support for the local emergency service such as the police, fire, and ambulance service information is offered in the government website (GOV.UK, 2014). Content on the internet is unfettered, and anyone is allowed to

Friday, November 15, 2019

Leadership Styles and Management in Mental Health Care

Leadership Styles and Management in Mental Health Care Leadership Styles and Management Discuss the impact of transformational and transactional leadership styles on the management of violence and aggression within UK regional maximum security forensic mental health hospital. Incorporating organisation structure, change management, multidisciplinary working, staff motivation and retention, legal and ethical implications for nursing practice. Executive Summary: In this essay we discuss the transformational and transactional leadership styles in the management of violence and crisis situations within the clinical setting and in mental health units. We begin our discussion with studies on the need for disaster management teams and structured command system within hospitals to help ensure that patients receive proper care when needed. We then briefly discuss the differences of transformational and transactional leadership styles and suggest that both personality patterns and attitudes towards these styles determine care and change management within the hospitals. Struggling with your nursing essay(s)? Did you know that we can help you with your leadership styles and management and any other nursing essays? We can help you! Place an order with us and youll get: An exact, 100% original answer to your essay question From a graduate writer, qualified in your subject area Delivered confidentially by email, in 3 hours 10 days (you choose) Stop struggling and get the help you need from the UK’s favourite student support company, right now. Introduction: Leadership styles within the nursing practice can be evaluated by understanding the relationship between management and planning, change operations and organisation structure. As Zane and Prestipino (2004) point out, hospital disaster manuals and response plans lack formal command structure in most cases and the hospital authorities rely on the presence of certain individuals who are familiar with hospital operations or hold leadership positions and abilities during the routine operations and management of the hospital. Management of emergency situations, especially in case of mental health patients who are prone to violence requires the expertise of a disaster management team. However such leadership patterns in which the hospital does not have a formal command structure may be unreliable and during critical conditions, the relying on a few individuals may be inadequate as the concerned persons may not be available at all times and even for prolonged events of crisis, this is not a feasible option or proper management. The Hospital Emergency Incident Command System (HEICS) is a command structure and a method suggested that provides a structured pattern of leadership which does not have to rely on specific individuals for crisis management (such as inpatient violence, or serious injury) and is more flexible and can be applied in all kinds of services such as fire services, emergency medical services, military, police agencies and improves ease of communication among professionals during crisis periods. The study by Zane and Prestipino give a descriptive report of the implementation of the HEICS in a healthcare network and recommends that since this tool pro vides a complete command structure for hospitals and by being a common tool for management can enable validity, reliability of the system as well as consistency and commonality with other hospitals ad disaster response teams. Considering the necessities of a disaster response team and the need for effective leadership styles of management of crises situations, in this essay we would discuss the various styles of leadership and how this relates to change management, nursing practice, and the quality of care during emergency and normal conditions . Several issues are considered here along with examples from evidential studies and clinical research. Leadership Styles in Clinical Management Our discussion will revolve around two forms of leadership patterns mainly the transactional and the transformational styles of leadership. The differences between transactional and transformational leadership styles were first given by Weber (1947, in Turner, 1998) who suggested that transactional leadership is based on control on the basis of knowledge and hierarchical power and transactional leaders aim to negotiate and bargain to achieve higher efficiency. In case of transformational leadership, the leader is a charismatic personality who seeks to change or transform ordinary people with his qualities and seeks to change ways of thinking by using novel ideas within the organisation. Hendel et al(2005)examined the relationship between leadership styles and the choice of strategy in conflict management among nurse managers. The study identified conflict mode choices of head nurses in general hospitals as nurses deal with conflicts on a daily basis and have to implement effective choice of conflict management mode to deal with the complicated situations. The authors point out that the choice of conflict management mode is largely associated with managerial effectiveness of the nurses. It is largely understood that the ability to manage conflict situations creatively to result in constructive and effective outcomes is a standard requirement in nursing practice. For the purposes of the study, the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument, the Multi-factor Leadership Questionnaire, Form 5X-Short (MLQ 5X) and demographic data were used. 60 head nurses were selected for the study and the results indicated that most head nurses perceived themselves as transformational lead ers in the clinical setting rather than transactional leaders. The most common conflict management strategy was an emphasis on compromise and more than half of the nurses studied admitted to using only one mode of conflict management. Transformational leadership was found to be more popular and widely used than transactional style of leadership and the style of leadership also affected the conflict strategy selected. In case of mental health and psychiatric patients, conflict management and management of violent behaviours in patients are the major challenges. Thus the study mainly argued that conflict handling mode in head nurses is largely associated with the style of leadership and the overall conflict management approach that was based on compromise. Katz and Kirkland (1990) point out that violent behaviour in mental hospital wards is widespread although there may be differences in incidence and distribution. Their study suggested that are varying patterns to show the relation between staff behaviour, management styles, social organisation of the unit and the levels of violence. The study suggests conclusively that, violence is a symptom of disorder not only in the biological and psychological field but also in the socio-cultural field'(p.262). Violent behaviours in patients were found to be more frequent in wards where staff functions were unclear, where there were no predictable staff-meeting interaction or which had slackened or unstructured leadership or management approach. The role of personality in transactional and transformational leadership has been examined by Bono and Judge (2004). Their study was based on meta-analysis of the relationship between personality and ratings on transformational and transactional leadership behaviours. The five factor model was used in the study and personality traits were related to 3 dimensions of transformational leadership namely idealized influence-inspirational motivation or charisma, intellectual stimulation, and individualised consideration and also to the 3 dimensions of transactional leadership namely contingent reward, management by exception-active and passive leadership. Extraversion as a major personality trait has been found to be the most consistent correlate of transformational leadership and even charisma was closely related to this style of leadership. There is a growing need to understand the subtle personality traits and how these relate to the unobvious characteristics and determinants of transfo rmational and transactional styles of leadership. In an earlier study, Judge and Bono (2000) have linked the personality traits from five factor model with that of transformational leadership patterns and behaviours. The personality traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness and Openness to Experience have been found to predict transformational leadership and are traits that are closely related to this particular leadership style. Neuroticism and Conscientiousness were found to be unrelated to transformational leadership behaviours. Judge and Bono further stated that transformational leadership behavior predicted a number of outcomes reflecting leader effectiveness, controlling for the effect of transactional leadership (2000,p.751). Leadership styles also affect performance and not just personality patterns and behaviours. The overall performance of a unit has been critically examined by Bass et al (2003) assessing both transformational and transactional leadership styles. The authors ask how leadership styles and ratings from operating units can predict the subsequent performance of these units that operate under high stress and even considerable uncertainty. In this study, the predictive relationships for transformational and transactional leadership styles for ratings of unit potency, cohesion and performance levels were calculated. The results indicated that both the leadership styles positively predicted unit performance suggesting that transactional and transformational styles of leadership may be both effective for improving performance of an entire nursing or clinical unit. Some studies have suggested that staff retention and job satisfaction are closely associated with transformational leadership styles (Kleinman, 2004). Prenkert and Ehnfors (1997) measured organisational effectiveness in relation to transactional and transformational leadership in nursing management. The relative influences of transactional (TA) and transformational (TF) styles of leadership on organisational effectiveness (OE) was measured as the degree of goal attainment and reflected on the quality of nursing care (NQ) provided. The study used interviews of head nurses and the Leadership Nursing-Effectiveness Questionnaire (LNEQ) was also used. The result indicated that TA and TF leadership styles had low or significant connection with the organisational effectiveness at a hospital and the study did not support the perceived understanding that organisations and clinical settings exposed to higher levels of transformational or transaction leadership behaviours show better organisational effectiveness. Conclusion: In this study we discussed various approaches to transformational and transactional leadership styles and behaviours and in the course of the discussion we showed the different views and perceptions on leadership styles. In general most of the studies discussed here suggest that transformational leadership is preferred and is the more positive form of leadership as it emphasises on individual power and charisma to change the surroundings and the situation. Transactional leadership on the other hand is comparatively easier form of leadership as it is not dependent on any unique personality pattern but is largely dependent on how an individual uses the situations to bring out efficient and positive consequences. However as Bonos studies suggest both the leadership styles may be equally related to personality patterns with openness and agreeableness being important traits of a transformational leader. Most studies discussed here seems to point out that leadership styles are closely rela ted to change management, quality of care, work relations, job satisfaction and overall nursing practice. This is also true in all other areas and services, including mental health wards where violence management of patients is a major challenge for head nurses. There are however few exceptional studies examined here that seem to argue that organisational effectiveness have little, no or uncertain relationship with leadership styles. Recommendations: Following the discussions and evidential studies above, we suggest several moves for better services and improvement of leadership behaviours in the clinical settings keeping in mind the ethical implications. These can be given as follows: 1. Conducting interviews, using surveys and questionnaires to understand nurse attitudes and perceptions towards leadership styles 2. Performing personality tests to identify traits correlating with the different leadership styles to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the workforce 3. Having transformational and transactional leadership style training, education and analysis to make nursing staff suitable for handling crisis situations especially in mental health units 4. Increasing awareness on leadership styles among and showing the importance or use of each leadership behaviour during crisis in hospitals and psychiatric wards 5. Forming a disaster management team or emergency team that will be well informed of leadership styles and relative characteristics or advantages of each Bibliography Zane RD, Prestipino AL.   Implementing the Hospital Emergency Incident Command System: an integrated delivery systems experience. Prehospital Disaster Med. 2004 Oct-Dec;19(4):311-7. Dutton JE, Frost PJ, Worline MC, Lilius JM, Kanov JM Leading in times of trauma. Harv Bus Rev. 2002 Jan;80(1):54-61, 125. Arnetz BB Psychosocial challenges facing physicians of today. Soc Sci Med. 2001 Jan;52(2):203-13. Review. Gilbert T. Nursing: empowerment and the problem of power. J Adv Nurs. 1995 May;21(5):865-71. Review. Kootte AF Psychosocial response to disaster: the attacks on the Stark and the Cole. Med Confl Surviv. 2002 Jan-Mar;18(1):44-58. Franco H, Galanter M, Castaneda R, Patterson J. Combining behavioral and self-help approaches in the inpatient management of dually diagnosed patients. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1995 May-Jun;12(3):227-32. Katz P, Kirkland FR. Violence and social structure on mental hospital wards. Psychiatry. 1990 Aug;53(3):262-77. Hendel T, Fish M, Galon V. Leadership style and choice of strategy in conflict management among Israeli nurse managers in general hospitals. J Nurs Manag. 2005 Mar;13(2):137-46. Judge TA, Piccolo RF Transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analytic test of their relative validity. J Appl Psychol. 2004 Oct;89(5):755-68. Bono JE, Judge TA Personality and transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analysis. J Appl Psychol. 2004 Oct;89(5):901-10. Bass BM, Avolio BJ, JungDI, Berson Y Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. J Appl Psychol. 2003 Apr;88(2):207-18. Stordeur S, DHoore W, Vanderberghe C. Leadership, organizational stress, and emotional exhaustion among hospital nursing staff. J Adv Nurs. 2001 Aug;35(4):533-42. Laurent CL A nursing theory for nursing leadership. J Nurs Manag. 2000 Mar;8(2):83-7. Judge TA, Bono JE Five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership. J Appl Psychol. 2000 Oct;85(5):751-65. Kleinman C The relationship between managerial leadership behaviors and staff nurse retention. Hosp Top. 2004 Fall;82(4):2-9. Dunham J, Klafehn KA. Transformational leadership and the nurse executive. J Nurs Adm. 1990 Apr;20(4):28-34. The Cambridge Companion to Weber ~Stephen Turner (Editor) Cambridge University Press Paperback June 3, 1998

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Mental Illness :: essays research papers

The name The name of my book is Mental Illness by Gilda Berger. Mental illness is a disorder characterized by disturbances in a person’s thoughts, emotions, or behavior. The term mental illness can refer to a wide variety of disorders, ranging from those that cause mild distress to those that severely impair a person’s ability to function. Today, mental illness is considered to range from such ideas as eating disorders to personality disorders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mental illnesses have been reported as far back as to 4000-5000 years ago. The reason scientists believe that mental illness has existed this long is due to anthropologists finding skulls with holes gashed in them. These skulls look very similar to skulls that have had the process of trepanning performed on them. The process of trepanning is simply the surgical procedure of creating a hole in the skull. Scientists believe that this procedure was done in order to let out the evil spirits which doctors thought possessed the mentally ill of this time. The literature of ancient Greece also contains evidence of the belief that evil spirits or demons controlled the mentally ill. Not only the Greeks believed in the evil spirit theory, writings from the early Babylonian, Egyptian, and Chinese civilizations have also shown evidence that mental illness was believed to be a possession by demons-using beatings, restraint, and starvation to try to drive out the evil spirits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These beliefs somewhat cooled down as time continued to move on, but once again popped up as America was starting to be formed. In 1692 and 1693 the Salem witchcraft trials began. At this point in time mental illness was suggested to be associated with the devil, so those with mental illnesses were thought to be witches. Those who were thought to be witches were given unfair trials and quick death penalties. Many innocent people who simply had a mental disorder were burned at the stake because of the lack of knowledge about this natural disorder. As time moved on, people saw that the mentally ill were not possessed, but that they were simply sick. Rather than kill all of the mentally ill, society decided it would be better to lock them away in a place that would be safe for them which was away from other people. One of the first and most notorious institutions was Bethlehem Hospital. Although Bedlam was founded on high principles it was soon noted as being wild, crowded, noisy, and filthy.